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Comparison Philosophies of Jan Amos Komenský and René Descartes
Dobrovodská, Helena ; Hogenová, Anna (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee)
Comparison of Philosophies of Jan Ámos Komenský and René Descartes The aim of this work is comparison of philosophies of Jan Ámos Komenský and René Descartes based on their essential works, i.e."Labyrint světa a ráj srdce" (The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart) and "Úvahy o první filozofii" (Meditations on First Philosophy), in which God's existence and the difference between the human soul and body are proved. The philosophy of both contemporaries originated in the 17th century on the background of the Thirty Years' War and the Counter-Reformation. The rationalism of René Descartes, which starts Cartesian thinking, seems to be substantially different from the philosophy of Komenský based on Neoplatonism and Christianity. In the thought of Descartes analysis, mathematical operationalism, is principal, whereas Komenský synthesizes and puts the whole together. The first chapter of the thesis deals with the lives, period and works of Komenský and Descartes. It is possible to find significant similarities in their life stories. The second chapter deals with the interpretation of "The Labyrint of the World and the Paradise of the Heart" and the interpretation of "Meditations of First Philosophy", in which God's existence and the difference between the human soul and body are proved....
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The Vitalism of Canguilhem
Čejka, Vojtěch ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The Vitalism of Canguilhem Vojtěch Čejka Abstract: Our bachelor project entitled The vitalism of Canguilhem concerns itself with the vitalist approach to life, as it was described by Georges Canguilhem in years 1946-7. The first part of our text introduces several vitalist physicians often mentioned in Canguilhem's texts, and their reply to the mechanistic explication of life inspired by Descartes. The second part focuses on Canguilhem's opinions concerning the older vitalists. We also point out what it is that Canguilhem finds still relevant with these authors and their attitude towards life. The manifestations of Canguilhem's vitalism, which we label "critical", are illustrated by an analysis of two of his texts in the third part. His method of reversal (renversement) which is present in both of these texts and elsewhere seems crucial to us. In the closing section we apply this method to Francis Crick's Of molecules of men. Keywords: vitalism, mechanicism, life, machine, milieu, René Descartes, Paul-Joseph Barthez, Xavier Bichat.
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The Issue of Will in Descartes
Havrdová, Viktorie ; Rybák, David (advisor) ; Pelcová, Naděžda (referee)
This Bachelor's paper examines the conception of will in René Descartes in a theoretical way. The paper contains interpretaions of his Meditations on First Philosophy, Principles of Philosophy and Passions of the Soul with a focus on the issue of will, with the support of secondary literature. The first part of the paper briefly illustrates the role of the will in Descartes' philosophy. The second part deals with the concept of the will as a mode of our mind, which is especially described by Descartes in the Fouth Meditation. The third part presents the concept of the will as a tool of control over the passions of the human soul. In this part mainly the last Descartes' work Passions of the Soul is examined. The paper provides a basic comprehensive overview of Descartes' knowledge on the topic of the free will, which is gathered and interpreted in it.
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The Motif of Machine in Descartes' Metaphysics
Sedlická, Denisa ; Rybák, David (advisor) ; Hauser, Michael (referee)
The master's thesis discusses basic elements of metaphysics by René Descartes. The first part of the thesis focuses on his personal life because certain events shaped and influenced his further actions and ideas. To understand the context of time, the paper presents history knowledge that is relevant to the topic. René Descartes is still known today for his philosophical ideas which helped to develop findings in the field of metaphysics. During his lifetime, that is the first half of the 17th century, natural sciences were gaining in popularity. The thesis follows up with mathematization and geometrization of nature. Descartes' basic premise of knowledge is methodical skepticism which ultimately results in his first personal certainty of philosophy. Next part focuses on the clarification of the dualistic concept of two different substances - rez extensa and res cogitans. The largest and most important part deals with the mechanical conception of the human body. René Descartes believes that the human body is a machine operated by mechanical principles. The thesis introduces a systematic description of the body which logically justifies the primary ideas of this French philosopher. KEYWORDS René Descartes, methaphysics, dualism, mind, body, God, machine, mathematics, geometry
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The Vitalism of Canguilhem
Čejka, Vojtěch ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The Vitalism of Canguilhem Vojtěch Čejka Abstract: Our bachelor project entitled The vitalism of Canguilhem concerns itself with the vitalist approach to life, as it was described by Georges Canguilhem in years 1946-7. The first part of our text introduces several vitalist physicians often mentioned in Canguilhem's texts, and their reply to the mechanistic explication of life inspired by Descartes. The second part focuses on Canguilhem's opinions concerning the older vitalists. We also point out what it is that Canguilhem finds still relevant with these authors and their attitude towards life. The manifestations of Canguilhem's vitalism, which we label "critical", are illustrated by an analysis of two of his texts in the third part. His method of reversal (renversement) which is present in both of these texts and elsewhere seems crucial to us. In the closing section we apply this method to Francis Crick's Of molecules of men. Keywords: vitalism, mechanicism, life, machine, milieu, René Descartes, Paul-Joseph Barthez, Xavier Bichat.
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Comparison Philosophies of Jan Amos Komenský and René Descartes
Dobrovodská, Helena ; Hogenová, Anna (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee)
Comparison of Philosophies of Jan Ámos Komenský and René Descartes The aim of this work is comparison of philosophies of Jan Ámos Komenský and René Descartes based on their essential works, i.e."Labyrint světa a ráj srdce" (The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart) and "Úvahy o první filozofii" (Meditations on First Philosophy), in which God's existence and the difference between the human soul and body are proved. The philosophy of both contemporaries originated in the 17th century on the background of the Thirty Years' War and the Counter-Reformation. The rationalism of René Descartes, which starts Cartesian thinking, seems to be substantially different from the philosophy of Komenský based on Neoplatonism and Christianity. In the thought of Descartes analysis, mathematical operationalism, is principal, whereas Komenský synthesizes and puts the whole together. The first chapter of the thesis deals with the lives, period and works of Komenský and Descartes. It is possible to find significant similarities in their life stories. The second chapter deals with the interpretation of "The Labyrint of the World and the Paradise of the Heart" and the interpretation of "Meditations of First Philosophy", in which God's existence and the difference between the human soul and body are proved....
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